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## virtual-key-down

Arguments: window buttons key-code

This generic function is called when the user presses a keyboard key down. An application may add methods to this generic function to respond to keyboard events in its windows.

window is the window that had the keyboard focus when the event occurred. The keyboard focus is usually indicated by some sort of highlighting.

buttons works as in mouse-left-down, that is it is an integer indicating which mouse buttons and shift keys were down when the event occurred. The value is the result of applying logior to the values of the following bit-flag variables:

- `left-mouse-button`
- `middle-mouse-button`
- `right-mouse-button`
- `first-x-button` (see `*ignore-mouse-x-buttons*`)
- `second-x-button` (see `*ignore-mouse-x-buttons*`),
- `shift-key`
- `control-key`
- `alt-key`

In addition, if the key that was pressed was one of several "extended keys" then the `extended-key` bit will be set. This is probably useful only when key-code is the value of `vk-control` or `vk-alt` and an application needs to know whether the righthand or lefthand version of this key was pressed. For these keys, the `extended-key` bit will be set for the righthand version only.

Other bits might be turned on as well, so functions such as logtest should be used to determine whether a particular mouse button or shift key was down; for example,

    (logtest right-mouse-button buttons)

will return true if and only if the right mouse button was down. For "down" events, the value includes the button or key being pressed now; for "up" events, the value does not include the button or key being released.

key-code is an integer representing the key that was pressed. For a letter key, the key code is the char-int of the uppercase character shown on the key (and NOT the corresponding lowercase character). For a numeral key, it is the char-int of the numeral character. For any other key, the key code is the value of the `vk-` constant for that key (see `key-names` for a list of `vk-` constants); for keys that show both a shifted character and an unshifted character, this constant will be named after the unshifted character.

## Notes

A note about virtual-key-down and character-message:

While a keypress will always cause virtual-key-down and virtual-key-up to be called, it will cause character-message to be called only under certain conditions. First, the keypress must indicate a graphical character. second, one of the following must be true:

1. The window in which the key was pressed is a `dialog-mixin` instance or a child or other descendant of a `dialog-mixin` instance; or
2. The default virtual-key-down method must run (since this method tells the operating system to generate a character message from the virtual-key-down message).

Therefore, if an application adds a virtual-key-down method for a window that is not on a dialog, and this method does not call (call-next-method) for a particular keypress, then the default virtual-key-down method is not called, and therefore character-message will not be called for that keypress.

See cg-events.htm for information about event handling in Common Graphics.

The following is an example from cg-events.htm repeated here:

Here's an example that handles the virtual-key-down event, since its arguments are a little tricky. This code will create a window that will change its size when the user types control-L, control-semicolon, control-shift-L, or control-shift-semicolon. The buttons argument is some subset of the values of the constants control-key, shift-key, and alt-key logior'ed together (each one is a bit flag). The data argument is an integer for the key that was pressed, expressed either as the char-int of the character that is printed on the key or as the value of one of the "vk-..." constants that are the value of the constant `key-names`.

    (in-package :cg-user)

    (defclass my-window (frame-window)())

    (defmethod virtual-key-down ((window my-window) buttons data)
       (case buttons
         (#.control-key
          (case data
            (#.vk-semicolon
             (incf (width window) 50))
            (#.(char-int #\L)
             (decf (width window) 50))
            (t (call-next-method))))
         (#.(logior control-key shift-key)
          (case data
            (#.vk-semicolon
             (incf (height window) 50))
            (#.(char-int #\L)
             (decf (height window) 50))
            (t (call-next-method))))
         (t (call-next-method))))

    (make-window 'herbert :device 'my-window
                 :parent (screen *system*))

Note that if the example window above were created on (main-development-window `*system*`) instead of on the screen, then the virtual-key-down method would not get called for the defined keystrokes, because the keystrokes would be overridden by IDE menubar shortcuts. In general, a menubar shortcut will override a virtual-key-down method, and a custom virtual-key-down method will override a comtab binding (since comtab events are implemented as a virtual-key-down method on the general comtab-mixin class).

Copyright (c) 1998-2022, Franz Inc. Lafayette, CA., USA. All rights reserved.
This page was not revised from the 10.0 page.
Created 2019.8.20.

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| Allegro CL version 10.1 Unrevised from 10.0 to 10.1. 10.0 version